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The second half of the outline can also be in position according to its vowel, but only if a convenient outline results: decompose decompression decontaminate discontinue discomfort disconnect disconcerting ill-concealed ill-conceived ill-considered malcontent overconfident overcompensate preconceive preconception precondition recompense recommend recommendation reconcile reconnoitre recondite recombine recondition reconsider reconstruct recommit reconnect recommence subconscious subcommittee subcontract subcontinent well-conducted well-constructed well-connected well-concealed Top of page In the following, the initial prefix is a horizontal stroke.

The first up or downstroke comes somewhere after the con-, so that is the stroke that is written in position in regard to the line. Unlike the "medial con" words listed above, the con- word in such phrases must retain its correct position in regard to the ruled line. Sometimes the con- word cannot be placed clearly in the combination and is better written with the con dot: Clear combination: should commend, and command, on the committee, beyond the control Needs dot: should command, and commend, on the connection, beyond control, would complete When a vowel-sign short forms is part of a phrase, then proximity can be used because the con- word is being written near a stroke rather than just a floating dot or dash: for the conditions, in the committee, for all consumers, if you would consider Compare: The conditions The committee All consumers would consider If you decide to leave a larger-than-usual space between outlines in order to signify your future punctuation in the transcript, then clearly proximity is not possible.

It would not be appropriate anyway because it should only be used for words that run on easily as per normal phrasing rules and not where there is a natural gap or pause.

As shorthand speed is helped by having reasonably compact notes rather than sprawling ones, it is important that only the clearest proximity phrases are used.

When in doubt, retain the dot for the con- word rather than risk a hesitation or unclear notes. Alternatives are given here because the shorthand dictionary does not reflect current pronunciation.

The prefix is joined only for "accommodation" and "accomplish" as those outlines are distinctive enough not to be mistaken for other words. As they are both nouns, adding Circle S to the short form would be ambiguous. Top of page "Magnetism" etc in compound words: the contraction should not be joined, as that would not be clear. If the Em can be joined to the stroke before it, then use it for the "magne-" prefix. Writing in full as shown is preferable to using the contraction, in order to avoid ambiguities about the endings, see asterisked note on "magnetics" above.

If the magn- ends with any vowel other than the short ones shown above, it is written using full strokes, and these are not prefixes anyway: magnum magnate magnolia magnesium magnesian magnesia magnesic An exception to the above rule is "magneto". The "magnet" words are derived from Magnesia, a region in Greece where magnetic rocks were first discovered in ancient history.

Top of page 4. As the outlines need to remain unvocalised for speed purposes and their position may not always be clearly written, repeating or changing the stroke is the most reliable way to ensure the difference is always obvious.

Top of page c irr- Change Ray to Ar, as you would normally do when a vowel precedes the R sound: relevant irrelevant If that is not possible or convenient, add an Ar before the Ray.

Note that the first vowel is written before the Ar, and the following vowel is written after the Ray: radiate irradiate If the outline already uses Ar, then add another Ar to the beginning. Top of page 6. INTER- INTRO a Inter always uses doubled Em and can be vocalised, as per normal doubling rules: interpret interplay interfere interferometer interpolate interview intervene interval interchangeable interweave intertwine compare intwine entwine intercept intersect intercede intercessor interlace interlock interlink interlingual interlining interlunar interlinear Note: lunar linear international interzonal interbreed intersperse intercity interact interdependence interrelationship These do not repeat the R in the next syllable: interregnum interrogate interrupt Disjoin a following M lack of angle between strokes of different lengths or upward L to avoid an awkward join : intermittent intermarry intermix intermediate intermediary intermingle intermural intermezzo interleave interloper interlude intercommunicate intercom Note: interim has separate strokes, as the central vowel is somewhat slurred, and the alternative would be disjoining.

It therefore counts as a special unvocalised prefix, like magna-. As vowels are normally omitted, more distinction is needed. The latter may be faster as there are no pen lifts to slow down. Using doubling for both inter and intro relies on the fact that, apart from the two pairs above, they are mutually exclusive, thus avoiding clashes. With normal words, the outline is written in 2nd position, to accord with the vowel in "self", but short forms and contractions retain their original position.

The self circle is never omitted. Not used medially or finally for the word "self". Most of the time you will not be vocalising outlines and can place the circle right next to the stroke: self-opinionated self-employed self-sown If you have already completed the outline, and then decide you need to go back and insert the 2nd place vowel, placing it outside the self circle will still be readable, even though it is not the perfect textbook version.

Top of page b Self-con Write circle at the head of the stroke, to replace the con dot. Correction of the speaker's word-formation may not be appropriate in some circumstances.

The Circle S at the end of some of the short forms above is only expressing the S sound, and is not being used as a joined "self circle". An outline using the self circle prefix should not be phrased with the word before it.

Going back to insert a circle would cause more delay and interruption to smooth flow of writing than is gained by phrasing. The circle is not used to represent the lone word "self" in phrases.

The self circle cannot clash with intervening dot vowels against hooked strokes, as all of these are in first position. The rules are that a second place intervening dot vowel is never shown: self-praise person perspex parallel paragraph palpable If you need to emphasise just the word "self" then write it in full so that you can put a wavy line under it: He said self service, not health service!

Top of page 8. As the N is lightly sounded, it can be omitted and the outlines remain readable: Before P and M: transpose transpire transport transparent transplant transpacific transmit transmitter transmission transmute transmogrify transoceanic transhume transmigration also transnational but transept transom To allow hooks: transfer transference transgress but transverse to distinguish from "transfers" Stroke N and R hook both omitted in these: transcribe transcript transcription Before Ell: translate translation translator retranslate transliterate transalpine Top of page 9.

I am keeping to the latter in these pages as being the more up-to-date and quicker to write, although you are unlikely to need to insert that vowel sign: super super superabundance superannuate superannuation supernatural supernumerary supercharger supercilious superficial superfluous superman superhuman superimpose superlative supermarket supernova supersede supersonic superstition superstitious superstructure supervene supervise supervisor super-cooled super-tanker super-duper Supra Always insert the second vowel: supranational supralunar supramundane supra-orbital Note these not prefixes: superb superior supernal Top of page If a clash arose, a non-theory suggestion would be to either insert the con dot, or make the "mis-" disjoin by using the shorthand hyphen sign, so that any suggestion of "con" is excluded.

In such words the S sound is immediately followed by a consonant, and without the double S both longhand and shorthand , one would tend to read the second part as beginning with that consonant e. Top of page Modern dictionaries seem not to differentiate the pronunciations of these 2 prefixes. Knowing the meanings of the prefixes is a great help in getting the spellings correct, although some of the words below may be encountered with variant spellings e.

If you know what the words mean, keeping to the correct prefix for each meaning should keep your spelling of them on track and avoid the confusing variants that sometimes find their way into print. Never uses the reversed FR. If you need to differentiate, then it is worthwhile learning both outlines. The version "forejudge" is probably the one most likely to be met in normal non-legal speech.

Presumably the two ways of writing of "gather" provide additional differentiation. Most of the "for-" words have the accent on the second syllable, so the hooked form is more appropriate. With "fore-" most are accented on the first syllable, making full strokes more appropriate.

This helps to show where the accent lies, and so improves legibility, as well as providing additional distinction between the above pairs. Otherwise dot at end of stroke for -ing, dash for -ings, finally only. Occasionally halved Ess, down or upwards. Otherwise use Circle S. Stroke Ess preferred in some names. Not vocalised if disjoined. Add Circle S as normal. The second method is a dot at the end point of the stroke, used where stroke Ing would be unclear, awkward or impossible to write. A dash, written at right angles to the end of the stroke, is used for the plural "ings".

It is written with a forwards not backwards movement wherever possible. Vertical dashes are written downwards. The dot and dash represent the whole syllable like the Con Dot does so they are deemed to include the I vowel. This means that a vowel that comes immediately before the "-ing" is shown plain as normal, and does not become a diphone or triphone.

Stroke Ing is preferable to dot Ing. As the dot involves a pen lift and careful positioning, it is slightly slower than using the stroke. This is because there is a choice of methods, unlike when forming other derivatives and attachments e. An outline may change to permit the joining of -ingly as well as some of the other prefixes because there is no choice of method to represent that particular suffix, see below.

The examples below fall into this category, and they take Dot Ing instead. The purpose is to preserve the readability of the outline and avoid ambiguity — if stroke Ing were used in these cases, one might try to read the Ing immediately after the consonant stroke before it, which would lead to errors in reading back e. The opposite is the case with "giving" where the V is not shown in the outline, and if you just added a stroke Ing, you might read it as some other word or think that you have written "going" out of position.

These short forms already represent the "ing" syllable: building according during owing b Contractions mostly use Dot Ing, for the same reason as with short forms above, i. Contractions are dealt with full in the Contractions section. Top of page 3. An Ar may change to Ray to reflect the vowel that comes after, as well as to prevent the outline descending too far.

This may possibly be to prevent a clash e. In a few instances this has to be written upwards and is the only instance of a stroke being written directly upwards.

This is no problem, as, being half size, it is similar to writing the upward-travelling part of a Ses circle or Shun Hook. Top of page 5. In these you should consider inserting the last vowel: actress benefactress tigress waitress actors benefactors tigers waiters I have avoided calling the root words the "male" version as they are commonly used to cover either or both, as many of the "-ess" variants are falling out of use or becoming more narrowed in their meaning. The following have to make an awkward change of curve direction, something avoided wherever possible.

The circle is written in the direction it would take if the two strokes were straight ones i. This formation is not used for "nism". The placement of disjoined strokes is much easier when no vowels are being written in.

A vowel before a contracted suffix sometimes has no stroke that it can be written to and so it is disregarded in those instances. Such vowels are underlined in the longhand throughout this page. Some of the suffixes are whole words in their own right, and the disjoined suffix can often be used in advanced phrases to represent those words — "fullness mental mentality ship shipment logical ability".

Such phrases are not recommended for those still learning the system, likely to produce more hesitation than speed. These phrases will be included in a future Phrasing page. In full where clearer. No need to disjoin. Ocasionally using stroke Ard In full where clearer or where necessary. The original direction of Ell is irrelevant for "-lessness", as there is no join to affect the choice: effortless effortlessness endless endlessness sunless sunlessness As the "-lessness" suffix is never vocalised, it need never clash with a "-less" that has had to be disjoined.

If necessary, you can put the vowel in "-less" as it is not a contracted suffix: friendless friendlessness Neither textbooks nor dictionary has any mention of the plural "-lessnesses" but it would be logical to change the Circle S of the suffix to a Ses Circle.

Also distinguishing outline dutifulness. Where the "-ment" cannot join, the outline or the suffix may change to enable a join. Keep the halved En short so it does not look like "atoning". As "atonement" and "attainment" share the same contracted outline, a non-dictionary suggestion would be to insert the O vowel for atonement, being the less common word.

Where a final "-ment" cannot join satisfactorily, the M sound is omitted and only "-ent" is written. This counts as a contracted suffix and is therefore is not vocalised; any third place vowel coming before the suffix must be written against the previous stroke. There is never any need to disjoin the -nt: postponement enchantment refinement confinement arraignment achievement pavement approvement deferment preferment merriment resentment consignment commandment ascertainment monument effacement defacement commencement announcement pronouncement denouncement enhancement enhance imprisonment accompaniment advancement tenement alignment enlistment discernment to distinguish from discerning Take care that the halved En does not resemble an Ing, which would have a similar meaning in some cases e.

Top of page b -mental -mentally -mentality The suffix -mnt is disjoined to represent all these three, and is never vocalised. As they are separate parts of speech adjective, adverb and noun they are unlikely to clash in meaning. The lone word "mentality" is written with disjoined Tee, see "-ality" section below. As it is a very common word nowadays, a non-dictionary suggestion would be to use a doubled En for that part.

In phrases, halved Way and Yay can replace short forms "word" "would" "yard" if the short forms do not join easily : these words, every word, they would, we would, yards, several yards Apart from these contracted suffixes, the only other instances of longhand letter R being omitted in outlines are in worsted woollen material and Worcester. All other words spelled with letter R must show it in the outline, even though its pronunciation is often slurred or absent in many English accents.

The disjoined stroke is not vocalised, except for diphthong U in -uality. In a few instances the disjoined stroke has an R Hook liberality neutrality Where possible, the vowel immediately before the disjoined stroke is written against the previous stroke, even if it is a 3rd place vowel.

If there is a disjoined Ell or Ray, it is because that is a separate sound that precedes the suffix e. No clash is apparent that would call for using full strokes. This avoids striking the diphone sign through the Ish in a very awkward corner where there is not really room for it. The outlines are perfectly readable without it. Using Hook N for "rather than" is also an exception to the normal order of reading attachments.

It is commonly used in spoken voting ayes and noes , and as an affirmative by seamen "Aye aye, Captain". It can be spelt ay. Not freestanding, use only in phrases, medially and finally, but not initially, otherwise use dot the.

It has no position of its own, therefore line not shown. Tends to have a slightly shallower angle when written upwards, to maintain speed and flow. But if someone should say "unorganisation" then you would definitely need to insert the first vowel sign. Where "responsibility" might be misread as "response", it is safer to use a full outline instead of the contraction. An optional method for showing past tense of contractions is to be strike a short dash through the last stroke.

Latin for "it is enough, it suffices", but sometimes the English is used instead, which is pronounced the same e. This outline, according to the dictionary, is given as an alternative for "disinterestedness" but as "disinterest" is now current, I suggest using the contraction for that word, and using the fuller outline for "disinterestedness". The outlines were obviously allocated before "disinterest" as a noun came into common usage. Latitude is north-south measurement from the equator.

The stroke Em is used for "million" when written with numerals, and you cannot add an Ith because that is used for "thousand". This will be discussed in a future Phrasing page. Other contractions are perfectly legible without it. Adding the Dee is not part of normal theory unlike Pitman which does use it regularly. The only way to differentiate is to write the Eff towards the end of the stroke En, to show it was written second.

The only way to differentiate is to write the En more towards the right of the Eff, to show it was written second. Change of Form It is possible to extend the use of abbreviating devices such as hooks, halving, doubling, circle and loops, which may not be possible or advisable if each outline were written separately.

The phrase in its entirety contains more information than a single word, so remains legible despite the greater degree of abbreviation: I hope that you will be able to, in reply to your recent letter, you will have received and I have been there, we have only just, take into consideration the fact Compare full outlines for these words: hope will reply letter received there only consideration fact Top of page a Hooks General Final hooks can represent whole words e.

R and L hooks can replace the full stroke to achieve a more compact outline or to enable a good join. Occasionally an original hook is omitted to enable the phrase to be formed. As the "belief" does not have its own F in the outline, an additional F Hook might cause confusion, as if the outline had been filled out because the correct short form was not known well enough. If you adopt these two phrases, you cannot then use them for "in all sides" or "in all occasions", both of which would be much less likely.

Are not on its own, or starting a phrase, should always be in full. In normal outlines you would never use a hook with Circle S if there was a vowel sounded between them e. There are others available to choose from, and they need some thought as to the safest combinations in which to use them. They seem mostly interchangeable, i. If you will him the house, he will be glad. This Will is not signed. Their Will was in the drawer.

Only exception: last Will and Testament Vowel helpful The noun Will, referring to the legal document, is often written with a capital letter to prevent misreading and misunderstanding. This is semicircle W for "wo-" vowel, rather than the short form "what", note also the Dot Hay against it.

Keep to very common phrases where "successive" would not make sense. Pr professor Professor Smith, professor of music, music professor application to make application, many applications, enclosed application punishment corporal punishment, school punishment, necessary punishment Pl Pn Ps apparatus heating apparatus, electrical apparatus, scientific apparatus PPs purpose for the purpose, for the purposes, for these purposes, for those purposes any other purpose, primary purpose, for many purposes This version shows two P strokes for "purpose", as that is clearer than a single one.

In fact, the latter is not a good phrase, as its components are not immediately recognisable, and is only shown here as a warning. A Stee Loop would never occupy such a position. Pitman Shorthand Ebook October File Pdf Editabile Free August 0. Jquery ebooks. Data Structure ebooks. Magento ebooks. DBMS ebooks. Android ebooks. Linux ebooks. Ubuntu ebooks. XML ebooks. AJAX ebooks. IBPS ebooks. IBPS Clerk ebooks. Aptitude ebooks. English ebooks. Group Discussion ebooks. HR ebooks.

Lab Manuals. Mathematical Foundations for Computer Applications. Lab Title. CMOS-compatible, piezo-optomechanically tunable photonics for visible wavelengths and cryogenic temperatures. Express 27 , — Lukens, J. Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing.

Optica 4 , 8—16 Marin-Palomo, P. Microresonator-based solitons for massively parallel coherent optical communications. Nature , Moille, G. Broadband resonator-waveguide coupling for efficient extraction of octave-spanning microcombs. Electrically driven linear optical isolation through phonon mediated autler-townes splitting. Quantum coherent microwave-optical transduction using high overtone bulk acoustic resonances. Pirro, M.

Characterization of dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric alscn thin films. Download references. FA, by funding from the EU H research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. We thank Y. Shi for valuable discussions. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

B and T. K supervised the collaboration. Correspondence to Tobias J. Kippenberg or Sunil A. Peer review information Nature Photonics thanks Chun-Hua Dong and the other, anonymous, reviewer s for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Experimental demonstration of optical transmission spectrum of TE and TM light in forwards and backwards directions. Reprints and Permissions. Magnetic-free silicon nitride integrated optical isolator. Download citation. Received : 08 April Accepted : 18 August Published : 21 October Issue Date : November Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Nature Photonics Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Subjects Integrated optics Microresonators Optoelectronic devices and components Silicon photonics. Abstract Integrated photonics enables signal synthesis, modulation and conversion using photonic integrated circuits PICs. Access through your institution. Buy or subscribe.

Rent or Buy article Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. References 1. Article Google Scholar Google Scholar Author information Author notes These authors contributed equally to the work. Hao Tian and Junqiu Liu. Kippenberg Authors Hao Tian View author publications. View author publications. Variable credit; 1 to 3 semester hours.

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